Conclusion

Public access television is not at all restricted to the United States and Canada. Today, it can be found in such places as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Denmark, Fiji, South Africa, Austria, etc. (Global Village CAT).

In Germany, Kanal Dortmund began operating in June 1985 (Small History). In Brazil, Law 8.977 of June 1, 1995, "requires cable operators to make available" six channels free "for public use, to ensure the exercise of free speech" (História; Legislação).

Through history, the common man has struggled for equal expression in the face of greater advantage flowing to the wealthy elite. This trend has left the common man with no forum but a soapbox on a dying street corner. Today, political will and new technologies, like portable video and cable television, have combined to give the common man a new soapbox - one which, despite attempts to control it, is spreading round the world.

-- Eau Claire, Wisconsin, April 3 to May 12, 2000

References

Baldwin, Thomas F. & McVoy, D. Stevens. Cable communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc., et al. v. Federal Communications Commission et al. (United States Supreme Court case number unknown).

Engelman, Ralph. "Origins of Public Access Cable Television," 1966-1972. Columbia, SC: Journalism Monographs. Number 123, Oct. 1990.

FCC v. Midwest Video Corp., 440 U.S. 689.

Gillespie, Gilbert. Public Access Cable Television in the United States and Canada. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975.

The Global Village CAT. (April 23, 2000). Retrieved May 11, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.openchannel.se/cat/links.htm

"História do Canal." Canal Comunitário de Porto Alegre. (March 2000). Retrieved May 11, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.canalcomunitario.com.br/historia_2.html

Hollowell, Mary Louise (ed.). Cable/Broadband Communications Book, Vol. 2, 1980-1981. Washington, D.C.: Communications Press, Inc., 1980.

Hollowell, Mary Louise (ed.). Cable/Broadband Communications Book, Vol. 3, 1982-1983. Washington, D.C.: Communications Press, Inc., 1983.

Lautenshlager, Scott & Price, John. "Controversy Brews over Airing of Bangert Tape," Eau Claire Leader-Telegram, August 16, 1983

"Legislação." Canal Comunitário de Porto Alegre. (March 2000). Retrieved May 11, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.canalcomunitario.com.br/legislacao.html

Newsweek, Jan. 3, 1972. (Cited in Engelman, 34.)

New York University / Tisch School of the Arts / Maurice Kanbar Institute of Film and Television / People / Undergraduate. (May 11, 2000). Retrieved May 11, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.nyu.edu/tisch/filmtv/ind_people.html

PACT: "The History of Public Access Community Television in Eau Claire, Wisconsin." Cable 11, Public Access Community Television. (May 2000). Retrieved May 11, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.cvctv.org/histo.htm

"Playboy Interview - Marshall McLuhan," March 1969. McLuhan Center on Global Communications. (January 2000). Retrieved May 11, 2000, from World Wide Web: http://www.mcluhanmedia.com/m_mcl_inter_pb_03.html

Roberts, Jason. (October 1994). "Public Access: Fortifying the Electronic Soapbox," Federal Communications Law Journal. Vol. 47, No. 1. Retrieved May 11, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v47/no1/roberts.html

"Series List: Newfoundland Project." National Film Board of Canada. (May 8, 2000). Retrieved May 11, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.nfb.ca/FMT/E/seri/N/Newfoundland_Project.html

Shamberg, Michael & Raindance Corporation. Guerrilla Television. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1971. (Shamberg I = first part: "Meta-Manual." Shamberg II = second part: "Official Manual." Page numbers 3 through 37 duplicate in the two parts.)

"A Small History of the Open Channel Dortmund." Offener Kanal Dortmund. (Nov. 12, 1999). Retrieved May 11, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ins.net/offener-kanal-dortmund/english/history.htm

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Additional Information

Beck, Kirsten. Cultivating the Wasteland: Can Cable Put the Vision Back in TV? New York, NY: American Council for the Arts, 1983.

Bretz, Rudy. Handbook for Producing Educational and Public-Access Programs for Cable Television. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1976.

Carpenter-Huffman, Polly & Kletter, Richard C. & Yin, Robert K. Cable Television, Developing Community Services. New York, NY: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc., 1974.

Crandall, Robert W. & Furchtgott-Roth, Harold. Cable TV: Regulation or Competition? Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1996.

Forbes, Dorothy & Layng, Sanderson. New Communicators: A Guide to Community Programming. Communications Press, Inc. by arrangement with the Canadian Cable Television Association, 1977.

Hollins, Timothy. Beyond Broadcasting: Into the Cable Age. London: Published for the Broadcasting Research Unit by BFI Publishing, 1984.

National Cable Television Association. Over the cable. Washington, D.C.: National Cable Television Association, 1974.

"Cable television." The Network Project, Notebook Number Five. New York, NY: June 1973.

Shaffer, Wm. Drew & Wheelwright, Richard (editors for the National Federation of Local Cable Programmers). Creating Original Programming for Cable TV. Washington, D.C.: Communications Press, Inc., 1983.